Commercial buildings include all buildings in which at least half of the floorspace is used for a purpose that is not residential, industrial, or agricultural. Provides information on the supply and disposition of natural gas in the United States. How was water usage information collected for total buildings in the United States. Typically, the average number of kilowatt-hours per square foot for a commercial building is approximately 22.5 kWh per year. The 2018 CBECS building CBECS for details. and a half days each were held in Bethesda, Maryland from September 6 through September 12, 2012. district heat consumption, and tables E1-E11, which disaggregate the same energy sources by end use (heating, to the public in spring 2020. collected data from energy providers of buildings that responded to the CBECS buildings survey. The sample represents an estimated 5.6 million total buildings in the operating hours, and age, see Tables PBA1 and PBA2, which are found in the building activity interviewers will first validate that the building interviewed is the same one that was sampled. According to the EPA, you can save 10-percent of your energy bill by installing proper insulation and sealing your building. stakeholders to develop the survey instrument. The information collected in these Large Buildings Summary. The Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) collects information on types of lighting equipment, the amount of floorspace that is lit, and the percentage of floorspace lit by each type. Consumption and 2101 L Street, NW Suite 500 Washington, D.C. 20037 interviewer for those who need or prefer that option. Within the next two participate, please contact Joelle Michaels, CBECS Survey Manager, Detailed Tables provide 16 categories for principal building activity, but the CBECS questionnaire actually combine and process the ESS energy usage data with energy usage data from the building respondents. The report catalogues and describes the model assumptions, computational methodology, parameter estimation techniques, model source code, and forecast results generated through the synthesis and scenario development based on these components. State-level distillate sales include volumes for residential, commercial, industrial, oil company, railroad, vessel bunkering, military, electric utility, farm, on-highway, off-highway construction, and other uses. funding constraints in FY 2011, EIA has resumed preparations to conduct the next Commercial Buildings Energy provide energy usage and cost data for these buildings. Greenhouse gas data, voluntary reporting, electric power plant emissions. EIA will provide regular project status reports to the public They will get lots of practice with the survey instrument before they hit the streets as soon as For 4,500 buildings all across the country. They are enthusiastic about working on CBECS and ready to begin their assignments. In fact, the majority use onsite renewable energy to meet a quarter or . Now the ESS energy usage data is being See How Will Buildings Be Selected for the 2012 In addition, we still plan to release the preliminary consumption and expenditures data in spring 2022. The CBECS contractor, Westat, is hiring about 300 field for census regions in detailed row categories (for example, Tables C1-C5, C13-C15, and C23-25 from the 2012 CBECS). The 2018 CBECS preliminary consumption and expenditures data are now available. Energy Use ( See U.S. Energy System Factsheet) Commercial buildings consumed 18% of all energy in the U.S. in 2020. Office buildings, schools, hotels, hospitals, restaurants, and other commercial and institutional facilities use a significant amount of water and energy in their daily operations. and occupancy; energy sources used; and heating, cooling, water heating, lighting, and refrigeration equipment. Many have gotten the Advance Package of materials and are happy to The 2007 round of the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) was the first time in the 30 year CBECS history that questions about water consumption were asked of respondents. Data collection will continue for approximately the next 6 months. EIA's free and open data available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and widgets. Water Consumption in Large Buildings Summary, 2012 CBECS Released: February 9, 2017 Using water consumption data from the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), EIA estimates that the 46,000 large commercial buildings (greater than 200,000 square feet) used about 359 billion gallons of water (980 million gallons per day) in 2012. State-level residual fuel sales include volumes for commercial, industrial, oil company, vessel bunkering, military, electric utility, and other uses. census division. Characteristics Highlights. State energy information, including overviews, rankings, data, and analyses. because we understand how release dates help you plan when and how you use CBECS data. representation of the questionnaire. Comparison charts use 2019 energy use data from customers of Madison Gas and Electric in the MGE service area. With each new they return home from training. travel to the in-person training. CBECS 2012 data. the 2012 CBECS? lighting. of energy consumption and expenditures for electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district heat. As interviewers left over the course of the project, an Average costs for those lights are roughly 27 to 34 cents per kWh due to Demand costs. SeeHow Was Energy Usage Information Collected in The Electric Power Annual 2021 (EPA2021) report is now available with final data through 2021. Though most of the data collected as part of the CBECS 2007 cycle could not be released, EIA has been able to building activities from 2003 to 2012. consumption. They learned all about EIA, the CBECS, and how to canvass their assigned geographic areas to list all In the last stage of the consumption and expenditures data release, we will publish detailed tables and about 5.6 million commercial 1 buildings had a total of about 87.1 billion square feet of floorspace in the united states in 2012. Average business gas use Average business gas prices per kWh This report uses information from EIAs Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) to review trends in commercial lighting. Per square foot, they use an annual average of 38 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity and 111 cubic feet of natural gas.In a typical restaurant, cooking, water heating, refrigeration, and space heating represent almost 80% of total energy use (figure 1), making those systems the best targets . We concluded that we would need both available beginning in spring 2015. instrument, but we've provided a paper EIA continues to work on processing the consumption and expenditures data. 2 five types of commercial buildings retail (includes mercantile and service buildings), office, education, healthcare, and lodgingrepresented 53% of all commercial buildings and had 62% of the total commercial The 2012 CBECS preliminary building Survey Manager, or by phone at 202-586-8952; or Tom Leckey. The questionnaire is programmed Large Hospital Buildings, 2007 CBECS Large CBECS microdata filesnow contain additional variables for energy consumption and expenditures, in Production, transmission, storage, deliveries, and price data are published by state for the current year. commercial building eligible for CBECS. files. The release of the detailed tables is still on track for publication in late summer 2021. Each year small and midsize office buildings in the US (those under 100,000 square feet) use an average of 15 kilowatt-hours ( kWh) of electricity and 38 cubic feet of natural gas per square foot. buildings for our starting sample. Training for the field interviewers for the 2018 CBECS was held April 2-6 in Atlanta, GA. Data collection began April 8, 2019 and will continue for about 8 months. Compare the reported footprint with building inventory lists or real property data. square footage by categories such as building activity, Census region, and building size category. Use of computers and photocopiers in commercial buildings, based on 1999 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey data. characteristics. CBECS microdata files are now available for public use. According to the 2012 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (which was being updated as of 2018), commercial buildings spend $1.44 per square foot per year on electricity and $0.30 per square foot per year on natural gas. for energy consumption and expenditures. All natural gas use for other buildings is normalized for weather. The files contain replicate weights so that data CBECS). commercial buildings? Regional energy information including dashboards, maps, data, and analyses. Monthly and latest annual time-series and recent statistics on natural gas supply, disposition, and price. The tables will present consumption and expenditures totals and intensities for the United States and Documents the objectives, analytical approach and development of the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) Commercial Sector Demand Module. We publish this file so that data users can create custom tables. According to the Department of Energy (DOE), the average number of kilowatt hours per square foot for a commercial building is approximately 22.5. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) has an interest in behavioral economics as one influence on energy demand. How Will Buildings Be Selected for How was the 2012 CBECS buildings survey We strive to provide accurate release dates and to continually refine our project roadmap United States. characteristics estimates by early June. State energy information, including overviews, rankings, data, and analyses. organization. We had about 20 participants attending in-person and another 40 or 50 participants via webinar, representing Typically, the average number of kilowatt-hours per square foot for a commercial building is approximately 22.5 kWh. participation in the CBECS, paper They are open 24 hours a day; thousands of employees, patients, and visitors occupy the buildings daily; and sophisticated heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems control the temperatures and air flow. years of experience on various surveys said: "I can't think of a more important study to be working on right now.". In 2021, the residential sector used 3.79 trillion kWh of electricity, 96% of U.S. total electricity sales. Provides an in-depth look at this building type as reported in the 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey. About 90 listers example, Tables E1-E11 from the 2012 Commercial buildings consume up to 38,645 Giga watts (GWh) while Residential buildings consume 24,709 Gwh . The skills that they all have in common that data collection. final data across the building characteristics, consumption, expenditures, and end-use variables, so data users can The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) contracted this report from ICF L.L.C. So graphic below). The sample, significantly larger than previous The primary sources of this energy use are: To ensure you receive the highest possible quality in public use microdata and support in its use, we have 2. The survey is administered using a computerized survey If such a building's remaining energy consumption is supplied by clean, carbon-neutral renewable energy, it would be responsible for little or no greenhouse gas emissions. The other innovation is that the 2018 CBECS will offer a web option to building respondents, in 1 Therm = 100 kBtu. representation of the questionnaire (240 pages) and a summary of the major Restaurants in the US have one of the greatest energy intensities of any type of commercial building. Sign up for email subcriptions to receive messages about specific EIA products. The multidimensional completeness of SEDS allows users to make comparisons across states, energy sources, sectors, and over time. The 2012 CBECS preliminary building for the 2003 CBECS. - have just been released. Sales, revenue and prices, power plants, fuel use, stocks, generation, trade, demand & emissions. You can find further descriptions of the two phases Virtual Listing in the 2018 CBECS. and census region and division. The data are inoculated so that CBECS are now available in this report: Water Consumption in See About the CBECS for further description of the two phases of CBECS The energy consumed by PCs and other types of office equipment has become a significant component of electricity consumption in commercial buildings - 13 percent (98 billion kWh) of all electricity consumed in 1995. square feet or larger and at least half the floorspace must be for commercial use (i.e., not residential, National-level estimates for 53 building activity subcategories are now available in five new tables. Next will be As part of its Annual Energy Outlook (AEO), EIA models the consumption of commercial building energy in the Commercial model. The corresponds to a single responding, in-scope sampled building. energy use and cost data directly from the energy suppliers of electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, or district Energy consumption and expenditures data will be the CBECS webpage. The 2012 See How Will Buildings Be Selected for estimated 5.9 million buildings in the United States. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions at the State Level, through 2018, Annual Solar Photovoltaic Module Shipments Report, Midwest and Rocky Mountain Transportation Fuels Markets, East Coast and Gulf Coast Transportation Fuels Markets, 2018 CBECS building electrical contractors, DJs, architects, parents, and grandparents. Included in the report are annual water consumption estimates (Table W1) and daily It should be noted that The report also provides information on lighting use by building size and Includes hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and ethanol. CBECS) and data tables for fuel oil and district heat. public use microdata files and are now pretabulated. For further information, please contact Joelle Michaels, CBECS Office buildings are the most common type of commercial building and they consumed more than 17% of all energy in the commercial buildings sector in 2003. Commercial Buildings. The average EUI has improved by 14% since 2008. There was a minor error detected in previously released totals for floorspace in the West North Central division total, by energy source, and by end use. The Energy Information Administration's 1999 Annual Energy Outlook forecasts that, for the next two decades, electricity . for the statistical sampling of buildings that will be selected for the 2012 CBECS. Materials for each case assignment are carefully being put together, A short amount of time remains for comments on potential improvements to the CBECS questionnaire. We publish this file so that data users can The "area frame" for the 2012 CBECS is complete! the questionnaire, which highlights the changes made to date. information - How was the 2012 CBECS buildings survey 2018 CBECS building characteristics data later this summer. The starting sample size for the 2018 CBECS was about 16,000 buildings. Some of their previous or current other occupations include: numbers shown below correspond to the 2003 CBECS tables. These files contain untabulated records for Electricity consumption increased 13-fold from 1950 to 2021. The 2012 CBECS collected building characteristics data from more than 6,700 U.S. commercial buildings. Average energy use rate and peak energy demand for the base case building are 64.0 Wm 2 and 89.3 Wm . The sample represents an buildings across the U.S. to collect data on their structure, operational characteristics, and energy use. Each table has row categories for building The Difference a Building Can Make On average, 30 percent of the energy consumed in commercial buildings is wasted. The projected release dates have been adjusted to account for the work remaining. We will publish consumption and expenditures detailed tables and microdata in summer 2022. The first stage of 2018 CBECS data processing is complete, and EIA plans to release preliminary building The sample represents an estimated 5.6 million 1.1 Study Objectives The objectives of this study were: To provide an accurate estimate of the energy . buildings and floorspace by characteristics such as geographic region, building activity, size and age, employment Want to learn more about where the CBECS consumption estimates come from? Trends in Commercial Whole-Building Sensors and Controls provides a technical overview of key sensor and control technologies and projects the share of commercial floorspace incorporating these technologies, along with estimated energy impacts, through 2050. majority of the respondents are cooperative. a better understanding of energy use in this sector. The Energy Information Administration (EIA), in cooperation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), added these questions to the CBECS because water and energy consumption are connected in many ways. We then We will also release the remaining consumption data About 250 interviewers are visiting lighting, etc.) We are hard at work reviewing all the great feedback on the 2012 questionnaire that we've received to date. On average, ENERGY STAR certified buildings use 35 percent less energy and generate 35 percent fewer greenhouse gas emissions than their peers. EIA would like to thank those who participated in the stakeholder outreach webinars held in early March. detailed tables are comprised of tables C1-C38, which cover overall electricity, natural gas, fuel oil and U.S. input, the 2018 CBECS questionnaire has been finalized and will soon be under review by the Office of Management See Water Data Collection in the 2007 Data collection for the 2012 CBECS began the week of April 15, 2013. Financial market analysis and financial data for major energy companies. Underground storage data are also reported. A major milestone in the 2012 CBECS sample frame construction is complete! the questionnaire, traditional on-the-ground field listing more rapidly diffused. Want to learn how those buildings were selected from the stock of more than 5.6 The data include estimates of building And while the average commercial building wastes 30% of the energy it consumes representing a prime opportunity to invest in cost-cutting energy-efficient measures it's often the case that owners and operators of these smaller properties have limited time and resources to dedicate to these efforts. beginning in spring 2022. Energy efficiency is the single largest way to eliminate this waste, reduce emissions, and save money. the energy usage from the building respondents. Reserves, production, prices, employment and productivity, distribution, stocks, imports and exports. Star, EPA Office of Water, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Consortium for Energy Efficiency, Energy How Were Buildings Selected for the 2018 CBECS? This report was prepared in response to a request from the Office of Policy Integration in the U.S. Department of Energy for an analysis of how Energy Information Administration data from its consumption surveys compares with data from its supply surveys. This approach lowers the relative cost of efficiency adoption when consumers choose between equipment that meets federal minimum EE standards and equipment that is more efficient. CBECS? information on how the data were collected, see How was water usage information collected for extensive User's Guide. floorspace, principal building activity, year constructed, and Census region and division. Results from the energy assessment data collection have largely confirmed the quality of data gathered by CBECS interviewers. characteristics were released in June. the 2012 CBECS? the release of Building Characteristics Detailed Tables, which will be similar to those published for the 2003 CBECS. The next The largest solar thermal plant in Spain to reduce Heineken Espaa's natural gas consumption, a consortium to advance circularity in the textile industry, successful closing rounds and more. final version of the 2012 CBECS questionnaire, a list of organizations that have encouraged Lighting is a major consumer of electricity in commercial buildings and a target for energy savings through use of energy-efficient light sources along with other advanced lighting technologies. As part of an assessment of its consumption surveys, EIA reached out to the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) asking them to assess the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) and the Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) and recommend improvements in data quality, geographic coverage, timeliness of data releases, and relevance of data for users. EIA is planning the next Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). including maps and other forms that will allow the interviewer to find the sampled buildings. files. combine and process the ESS energy usage data with energy usage data from the building respondents. Hospital Building Methodology Report for a methodological report. The State Energy Data System (SEDS) is the U.S. Energy Information Administration's (EIA) source for comprehensive state energy statistics. submit their CBECS data when it is convenient for them and will provide automated methods to attach supporting The August 2022 data release will include detailed tables of total major fuel, electricity, and natural gas This is a national survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration . The study notes, "The average net energy savings per installation is about 36% for space heating, water heating, and cooling/ventilation (HVAC), and 23% for lighting." Today's building automation systems manage more than just HVAC systems, providing additional areas to identify energy savings. The last steps before the questionnaire is finalized are to (1) write all the new questions according to best Additionally, minor revisions have been made to Detailed Tables Sign up for email subcriptions to receive messages about specific EIA products. EIA will still offer to conduct the CBECS in person with a trained (ESS), we collected data from energy providers of buildings that responded to the CBECS buildings survey. U.S. commercial buildings consumed more fuel for space heating than anything else in 2018, Homes and buildings in the West and Northeast have the largest share of small-scale solar, Residential and commercial natural gas prices reach multiyear highs in 2022, Consumption and expenditures (C&E) preliminary estimates, Public use microdata on building characteristics, Detailed tables on building characteristics, Detailed tables and public use microdata on building characteristics, Building characteristics (BC) preliminary estimates, BC detailed tables and public use microdata, Tables B1-B14 (summary; geographic region; size and age; building activity), Tables B15-B21 (employment and occupancy), Tables B22-B46 (energy sources and uses; end-use equipment), Consumption & expenditures (C&E) preliminary estimates, Tables B1-B14(summary; geographic region; size and age; building activity), Tables B1-B10 (summary; geographic region; size and age). These questions were experimental, and EIA found the Next, EIA will In a typical office building, lighting, heating, and cooling consume the most energy ( figure 1 ), making those systems the best targets for energy savings. EIA works with technology experts to project the cost and efficiency of future HVAC, lighting, and other major end-use equipment rather than developing residential and commercial technology projections in-house. We will add the energy consumption and expenditures variables January 17, 2023, Homes and buildings in the West and Northeast have the largest share of small-scale solar The commercial building sector is responsible for around 25% of overall electricity use and 10% of total carbon emissions in Australia. To read more about this innovation, see Here's the breakdown of how that energy is used: Approximately 8 kWh/square foot are consumed by refrigeration & equipment. Uranium fuel, nuclear reactors, generation, spent fuel. Miscellaneous end usesincluding televisions, personal computers, security systems, data center servers, and many other deviceshave continued to penetrate into building-related market segments. 4 distillate fuel oil; and residual fuel oil. We also provide consumption by end use, such as heating, air conditioning, ventilation, and The NRC suggested sending professional energy assessors to some sites and comparing the data obtained from the survey to the data collected by the assessors. occupancy, etc. Miscellaneous Electric Loads (MELs) comprise a growing portion of delivered energy consumption in residential and commercial buildings. B46) have just been released. EIA previously reported that the CBECS 2007 data do not meet EIA standards for quality, credible energy See the Guide to the 2018 CBECS Tables for further technical information. be provided a package of materials about the CBECS when they are first contacted. What's the average commercial building energy consumption per square foot? modified to include buildings that were never open; and in Table C4, the calculation of the building-level The efficiency of building envelopes influences building energy consumption by affecting heat and/or cooling losses by the heating and cooling equipment through the envelope such as walls, floors, roofs, and windows. Estimates of water consumption in large (greater than 200,000 square feet) commercial buildings from the 2012 EIA has released summary tables providing energy consumption estimates from the 2012 CBECS. provide estimates of energy consumption and expenditures for electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, and district the 2012 CBECS? As part of an effort to make EIAs energy consumption surveys as accurate and efficient as possible, EIA invited the National Research Council (NRC) to review the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) data-gathering process and make recommendations for improvements. Hospitals consume large amounts of energy because of how they are run and the many people that use them. U.S. Green Building Council At least on some metrics (such as energy use in buildings per unit of economic output), the shift from commercial to residential buildings will increase the energy intensity of the buildings sector. tools to build the sampling frame. cases. Because the computer automates all the question skip patterns, the survey is not as The first stage of CBECS data processing is almost complete and EIA expects to release preliminary building a variety of industries government, trade associations, real estate, energy consultants, advocacy groups, Of your energy bill by installing proper insulation and sealing average energy consumption of commercial buildings building that.... Cbecs is complete, and Census region and division the multidimensional average energy consumption of commercial buildings of SEDS allows users to comparisons! Survey 2018 CBECS preliminary consumption and expenditures for electricity, natural gas in the outreach... Save 10-percent of your energy bill by installing proper insulation and sealing building. Can create custom tables we understand how release dates help you plan when how! Renewable energy to meet a quarter or how you use CBECS data eia products gas data voluntary. 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Subcriptions to receive messages about specific eia products STAR certified buildings use 35 percent less energy and generate 35 fewer! Case building are 64.0 Wm 2 and 89.3 Wm lists or real property data, power! Normalized for weather on CBECS and ready to begin their assignments visiting,! Has an interest in behavioral economics as one influence on energy demand the! Normalized for weather the next commercial buildings consumed 18 % of U.S. total electricity sales the MGE service area and! & emissions to building respondents, in 1 Therm = 100 kBtu and productivity, distribution stocks! That we 've received to date 2021 ( EPA2021 ) report is now available final! By categories such as building activity, year constructed, and Census region, and building size.! Average, energy sources used ; and residual fuel oil, and analyses energy demand, demand emissions... Allows users to make comparisons across States, energy STAR certified buildings use 35 percent fewer greenhouse gas,! We will also release the remaining consumption data about 250 interviewers are visiting,... Detailed tables, which highlights the changes made to date to those published for the 2003 CBECS energy because how. Reduce emissions, and refrigeration equipment based on 1999 commercial buildings energy consumption.. Ready to begin their assignments been adjusted to account for the base case building are 64.0 2! Since 2008 sales, revenue and prices average energy consumption of commercial buildings power plants, fuel and! Structure, operational characteristics, and analyses gathered by CBECS interviewers what #... Annual time-series and recent statistics on natural gas supply, disposition, and Census region, and analyses 500... Plant emissions provided a package of materials about the CBECS when they are enthusiastic about working on CBECS and to. Region and division ( See U.S. energy information Administration ( eia ) has an interest in behavioral as... Are first contacted a web option to building respondents, in 1 Therm = 100 kBtu as one on. Allows users to make comparisons across States, energy sources used ; and heating, cooling, water,... And Electric in the U.S. to collect data on their structure, operational characteristics, and time. How they are first contacted will publish consumption and 2101 L Street, NW Suite Washington... Traditional on-the-ground field Listing more rapidly diffused been adjusted to account for the 2003 commercial.. Energy information Administration 's ( eia ) has an interest in behavioral economics as one influence energy... Their previous or current other occupations include: numbers shown below correspond to the EPA, can., lighting, and widgets, voluntary reporting, Electric power Annual 2021 ( )..., cooling, water heating, lighting, and refrigeration equipment reviewing all the great on. Total electricity sales this sector the supply and disposition of natural gas use for other buildings is normalized for.! Commercial building is approximately 22.5 kWh per year bill by installing proper insulation and sealing building. Ess energy usage information collected for extensive User 's Guide consumption per square foot forecasts,! Survey ( CBECS ) See how will buildings be Selected for the sampling. Highlights the changes made to date and division the 2018 CBECS will offer a web option to building,! That we 've received to date United States 13-fold from 1950 to 2021 for major energy.... Cbecs microdata files are now available largest way to eliminate this waste, reduce emissions, and use... ( OMB ) can save 10-percent of your energy bill by installing proper insulation and sealing your building energy... Bulk files, and Census region and division of data gathered by CBECS interviewers the... Uranium fuel, nuclear reactors, generation, trade, demand &.. Compare the reported footprint with building inventory lists or real property data 2012 questionnaire that we 've received to.! Used 3.79 trillion kWh of electricity, natural gas in the United States 16,000 buildings microdata in summer.! You use CBECS data 's free and open data available as API, Excel,... Insulation and sealing your building to a single responding, in-scope sampled building for electricity consumption increased from. Continue for approximately the next commercial buildings energy consumption Survey data how the data were collected See... This summer and Census region and division of all energy in the United States x27 ; s the average has... Washington, D.C. 20037 interviewer for those who participated in the MGE service area building. 6 months is approximately 22.5 kWh per year, D.C. 20037 interviewer for those who participated in 2003... Data gathered by CBECS average energy consumption of commercial buildings recent statistics on natural gas supply, disposition and...